Part 1. For the following narratives, use your own words. For each of the following scenarios, design an appropriate study using the study designs from chapters 4, 7 & 8. Explain and justify the study design chosen. In your justification, include a discussion of the research question(s) or aim(s), the setting, and resources available, such as time, personnel, and funding. In addition, discuss the appropriate statistical measures for the study design and potential sources of bias.
1. A small country with a population of approximately 10 million people is attempting to predict the healthcare resources required to handle chronic conditions typically found in adults 18 years of age and older. The goal is to ascertain the prevalence of major chronic conditions and the risk behaviors among all adults, including heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, current cigarette use, physical activity level, and nutrition status. The research team has a staff of two epidemiologists, two data analysts, and 20 other personnel with a variety of skills. The leader of the research team has been asked to complete the study in two years and stay within an operating budget of $2 million.
2. A group of researchers has been asked to determine the effectiveness of a new vaccine for preventing pneumonia in the elderly population (aged 65 and older). The goal is to ascertain whether the new vaccine significantly reduces the incidence of pneumonia among those in the study population compared to the vaccine currently used. The research team has a staff of two epidemiologists, two large fully staffed health maintenance organizations, and 10 other personnel with a variety of skills. The leader of the research team has been asked to complete the study in one year and stay within an operating budget of $7.5 million.
3. The Governor of Florida has been contacted by a concerned citizen regarding the possible connection between exposure to pesticides and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a rare neurological condition, in a community in Broward County. The Governor has assembled a multidisciplinary team from several state and local agencies and charged the team with assessing whether there is an association between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and potential pesticide exposure among those living in three neighborhoods built on land formally occupied by citrus groves. The Governor has set a deadline of six months to complete the study and limited the operating budget to $100,000.
Part 2. For each of the scenarios, provide the information requested. You must show your work. The number of decimal places required appears in brackets. For example, [2] requires you to use 2 decimal places to express your final response. Scenario 1. The table below shows data from a 10-year cohort study of adults who, at baseline, did not have hyperinsulinemia. The dependent variable (outcome)is hyperinsulinemia status, and the independent variable (exposure) is sex. Calculate the measures listed below the table. Hint: For items 4-11, do not use person-time. Dependent Variable Hyperinsulinemia No Hyperinsulinemia Person-Years Independent Variable Male 108 174 20,000 Female 75 177 24,000
4. Calculate the appropriate measure to quantify the cumulative risk of hyperinsulinemia among males[4].
5. Calculate the appropriate measure to quantify the cumulative risk of hyperinsulinemia among females[4].
6. Calculate the appropriate measure to quantify the cumulative risk of hyperinsulinemia among all study participants [4].
7. Calculate the appropriate measure to quantify the excess risk of hyperinsulinemia among males attributed to being male using a rate base of 1000 [2].
8. Calculate the appropriate statistic that refers to the percentage of hyperinsulinemia cases attributed to being male [2].
9. Calculate the appropriate measure to quantify the excess risk of hyperinsulinemia in the population attributable to being male using a rate base of 1000 [2].
10. Calculate the appropriate measure to quantify the percentage of those with hyperinsulinemia in the population attributed to being male [2].
11. Calculate the most appropriate measure of association to determine if being male is associated with developing hyperinsulinemia [2].
12. Calculate the rate ratio of hyperinsulinemia among males compared to females [2].
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