Calculate two named measures of association for the above table that are appropriate for the study design

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS

Question 1

1. In a prospective cohort study, these results were obtained after 1 year of follow-up:

Disease present at end of study

          YES NO

Exposed  YES   30          20

        NO   10         180

Calculate: (10 marks, 2.5 each)

a. the odds of exposure among the diseased group;

b. the disease rate in the unexposed group; 

c. the ratio of diseased to non-diseased in the study population; and 

d. the proportion of study participants that are diseased. 

Question 2

2. Calculate Attributable fractions (10 marks, 5 each) for the cohort study results in question 1.

a. Population attributable fraction; and the

b. Attributable fraction (exposed)

Question 3

3. A study was carried out to see if there was an association between raised blood pressure and hearing impairment in a large factory employing 400 people. The research question is: “Does raised blood pressure result in impaired hearing?”. 

All 400 people were included in the study. Over a two-week period, the 400 employees were asked to undergo audiometry and a blood pressure reading, both measurements being performed, for convenience, at the same time. 

It was found that 100 of the participants had raised blood pressure, or else they had normal blood pressure, but were on treatment for blood pressure. These 100 were all classified as having raised blood pressure. In addition, 40 of the 400 participants had hearing impairment. Two hundred and ninety of the 400 respondents had neither raised blood pressure or hearing impairment.  (10 marks, 4 and 6 as shown)

a. Which study design was used in this study? [4 marks]

b. Draw and populate a 2x2 table for these data. Fully label the table [6 marks]

Question 4

4. Calculate two, named, measures of association for the above table that are appropriate for the study design. (10 marks, 5 each)

Give the name of each of the two measures and the calculated values.

Question 5

5. Suppose that you have carried out a retrospective case-control study. Name the measure of association that you may not calculate directly from the data in your 2x2 table. Give two reasons why you may not use this measure of association for a case-control study. (10 marks in total, 2 for the name of the measure and 4 each for the reasons why the measure should not be used)

Question 6

6. Explain why, with randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the following are not usually a problem (10 marks, 2.5 each): 

a. Confounding

b. Recall bias

c. Selection bias

d. The temporal relationship between exposure and outcome

Attachments:

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