Ensure you justify all computation and data visualizations with accompanying code.
1. Refer to Question 11 from Assignment 1:
a. 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯
that is at least the same value as the value of X you observed in Question 11 of Assignment 1.
b. Observe the value of the sample standard deviation S (which you computed in Exercise 11 of Assignment 1): Compute the probability that another random sample (again, of the same size) will yield a sample standard deviation that is between 0.5 hour and 1 hour.
2. A 2012 poll carried out by Ipsos Reid in found that “42% of Canadians, who live outside of Quebec, believe Quebec will separate from Canada at some point in the future.” A pollster wishes to see if this sentiment is still present for Canadians who live outside of the province of Quebec.
a. The pollster has determined that they are going to randomly sample n = 1426 Canadian residents who are not residents of Quebec in an attempt to estimate p - the proportion of all Canadians who live outside of Quebec (“Rest of Canada”) - who believe that Quebec will separate from Canada within the next 10 years. Describe the distribution of p, the proportion of n = 1426 randomly chosen Canadians who live outside of Quebec who believe Quebec will separate from Canada within the next 10 years. (Ensure that your description provides a (i) distribution shape (ii) a balancing point and (iii) a measure of spread.)
b. A recent poll1 of n = 1426 Canadians who are not residents of Quebec was taken. Of these, 541 thought that Quebec will separate from Canada in the next 10 years (356 indicated “might happen”; 128 responded “likely to happen”; 57 indicated “definitely will happen”). The sample proportion is
computed to be p =
541
1426
= 0.3794. Under the condition of the 2012 poll result, how likely is it for
another random sample of n = 1426 Canadians (who reside outside of Quebec) to produce a sample proportion that is at most as 0.3794?
c. Consider the steps and associated R Code required to generate a distribution of the sample proportion, p, when sampling n = 1426 Canadians who live outside of Quebec, then determining the
proportion who believev Quebec will separate from Canada within the next 10 years. Carry out a simulation where you simulate 1000 random samples of n = 1426. Create, then run your code to determine the proportion of your ps that are less than or equal to 0.33794. Provide this proportion.
3. Billy purchases one 6-49 lottery ticket every week and keeps track of the number of “matches”” he has on each of his tickets. To be clear, a “match” will occur when a number on his ticket matches a number that appears in the winning combination. A random variable X that keeps track of the number of matching numbers Billy experiences per week has the probability distribution function with a mean and standard deviation of
(6)( 43 )
x 6−x
P(X = x) = x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
(49)
E(X) = μX SD(X) = σX
36
= = 0.7347
49
= 0.75998 ≈ 0.76
Billy claims that in a year (52 weeks), on average, he manages to have at least one matching number on his 6-49 ticket. What do you think about Billy’s claim? Provide a brief commentary about Billy’s claim using your current knowledge of statistics and probability theory.
4. A common measure of toxicity for any pollutant is the concentration of the pollutant that will kill half of the test species in a givne amount of time (usually about 96 hours for the fish species). This measurement is called the LC50, which refers to the lethal concentration killing 50% of the test species).
The Environmental Protection Agency has collected data on LC50 measurements for certain chemicals likely to be found in freshwater and lakes. For a certain species of fish, the LC50 measurements (in parts per million) for DDT in 12 experiments to determine the LC50 “dose” are
16, 5, 21, 19, 10, 5, 8, 2, 7, 2, 4, 9
a. Use R studio to create the bootstrap distribution of the sample mean X . Use 2000 resamples in your
work.
b. From your result in (a), find a 95% bootstrap confidence interval for μ, the mean LC50 measurement for DDT. Interpret the meaning of your interval in the context of these data.
c. Compute the 95% confidence interval for μ using the t-version of confidence interval. Ensure you appropriately present your finding/result.
d. Compare your results in parts (b) and (c). If you were to report one of these confidence intervals, which would you report? Explain your answer.
e. The confidence interval you computed in part (c) is valid provided a certain condition holds. Use ggplot() to create a graph that is used to check this condition. From your plot, can you infer that this condition is satisfied? Explain.
5. Ipsos Reid reported2 in a 2018 survey conducted on “Baby-Boomer” Canadians (Canadians aged 55 or older) homeowners and found that of n = 1866 who have either downsized their home or plan to downsize their home, 571 indicates they either downsized or plan to downsize to take the equity out of their home to
live comfortably in retirement.
a. Compute a 95% confidence interval for p, the proportion of all Canadians aged 55 years or older homeowners who have either downsized or plan to downsize to take equity out of their home to live comfortably in retirement.
b. Similar to your work in Question 4(b), create the distribution of the bootstrap statistic p.
c. From your result in (b), compute the 95% bootstrap confidence interval for p.
d. Compare your results in (a) and (c). which interval should you report? Report the interval and interpret its meaning on the context of these data.
6. Does one’s educational level influence their opinion about vaccinations? A recent Angus Reid3 survey was taken. Each person sampled was asked to respond to the statement “The science around vaccinations isn’t clear.”
Respondents either “strongly agree”, “moderately agree”, “moderately disagree”, or “strongly disagree”. The sample was partitioned by level of education.
There were n = 670 respondents who’s highest level of education was high school or less, of which 348 “disagreed” (moderately disagree or stongly disagree). There were also n = 376 who’s highest level of education was at least an undergraduate university education. Of these, 274 disagreed.
a. Consider the population consisting of all persons, who’s highest level of education was high school or
less and the bootstrap statistic ˆ . USing 1000 iterations/replications, create a bootstrap distribution
pHS ˆ
. Display your distribution.
b. Now consider a different population that consits of all persons who’s highest level of education was at least an undergraduate degree. Repeat part (a), creating a bootstrap distribution for pUni . (Again, display your distribution).
c. You wish to estimate pUni − pHS , the difference between the proportion of all university-educated Canadians who disagree that the science of vaccinations isn’t clear and the proportion of all Canadians who’s highest level of completed education is high school who believe the same. You wish to have 95% confidence in your result. Think about the code you created to generate the bootstrap distributions on parts (a) and (b). Modify the code to you created in parts (a) and (b) to create a
ˆ ˆ
distribution of the bootstrap statistic pHS − pUni .
d. Consider your finding in part (c). Compute the 95% bootstrap confidence interval for pHS − pUni . From your result, does the proportion of persons with at most a high school education who disagree the science around vaccinations isn’t clear greater than the similar proportion of persons with at least an undergraduate university degree? Write a paragraph that supports your answer.
7. Refer to the data encountered in Question 4 of this assignment.
a. Create a bootstrap distribution of the sample median
˜
X , using the same number of replications as
you did in Question 4. From this find a 99% confidence interval for the population median, ˜. Interpret
your finding in the context of these data.
b. Compute the 95% bootstrap confidence interval for the population standard deviation, σ. In addition, interpret the meaning of your interval in the context of these data.
8. The most recent poll4 taken about the voting preferences of Albertans found that of n = 858 randomly chosen, decided Alberta voters. Each was posted with the following question:
“And if a provincial election were held tomorrow here in Alberta, which party’s candidate would you ourself be most likely to support?”
The results?
378 responded “UCP” (United Conservative Party) 352 responded “NDP” (New Democratic Party)
43 responded the “Independence Party” 34 responded the “Alberta Party”
17 responded the “Liberal Party” 34 responded “some other party”
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