General assignment tips
• Each question requires a formal write-up that adheres to APA 7 guidelines, like those shown in workshops.
• Must use R JGR/Deducer for all analyses.
• Include all R output for full marks, including syntax.
• You do not need to format output in any way, just copy and paste it.
• Include your output directly after each question, beginning on a separate page (e.g., question 1 write-up, question 1 output, question 2 write-up, question 2 output, question 3 write-up, question 3 output).
• The outputs and write-ups should be completely separate. For question 1, you should have the output of your continuous data descriptive statistics, as well as those statistics formatted into a table within the write-up section.
• Do not include null and alternative hypotheses in your formal write-ups.
• Treat each question separately (i.e., you may need to generate the same output for multiple questions).
• Please do not include additional tables in your formal write-ups beyond those requested in the questions.
Tips for question 1:
• Note that output does not count towards the page limit.
Continuous data
• See the APA 7 manual for examples of what an APA formatted table with a note looks like. Your table should include means, standard deviations, n sizes, minimums, and maximums for each continuous variable.
• DON’T include the continuous variable statistics that are already in your APA table in the text of your write-up (see page 182 of APA 7 manual). Instead, refer the reader to the table where you’ve included these statistics and then describe/interpret what these statistics tell you about your sample, in words, in the text of your write-up.
o For your interpretation, you should look at the possible range of scores. For example, let’s pretend we have a variable called Driving Anxiety, which ranges from
-10 to 10, with 10 being high anxiety. If our sample had a mean score of 8, we could say they tend to score highly on a measure of driving anxiety.
o You could also consider the standard deviation and how that may impact how you interpret the mean. Is there a wide average range of scores relative to the possible range of the scale (i.e., a lot of variability)?
Categorical data
• DO include statistics for categorical variables in your write-up (since these will not be in a table)! Report percentages rounded to the nearest whole values.
• You must discuss each variable, but you do not have to discuss each response category/level of each categorical variable. Choose those responses that are most relevant to your sample to report (for some variables this may be all response choices, for others, it could be only one or a couple levels).
Tips for questions 2 and 3:
• There are no page limits for questions 2 and 3.
• p values – if p is less than .05 in the R output, it is significant.
• APA 7 (page 180) dictates that you should report exact p values where possible (e.g., p =
.06 or p = .002, not p < .05 or p > .05), unless p is less than .001 (for example, if the p value given in the R output is 1.34e-05, this means that p is 0.0000134, and in this case, report it as p < .001).
• Statistical test write-ups in general should include the following:
o State the interest of the question
o Define and label all of your variables of interest! E.g., students’ anxiety of statistics (ANX) scores…
o Describe the groups, where applicable (range of scores and n in each)
o Name the test used (be specific)
o Report the statistical results.
o Concluding/summarizing statement(s) - what do your results mean?
For example, for chi-squares you could outline and compare the observed frequencies or observed vs. expected frequencies and discuss how they are different or similar.
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