Project 2: Estimation
For use after Chapter 7
In this exercise, you will use the 2018 GSS sample to estimate characteristics of the U.S. population. You will use SPSS to generate the sample statistics and then use either Formula
7.2 or Formula 7.3 to find the confidence interval and state each interval in words.
A. Estimating Means
1. There are relatively few interval-ratio variables in the 2018 GSS, and for this part of the project you may use ordinal variables that have at least three categories or scores. Choose a total of three variables that fit this description other than the variables you used in Chapter 7. (NOTE: Your instructor may specify a different number of variables.)
2. Use the Descriptives command to get means, standard deviations, and sample size , and use this information to construct confidence intervals for the mean of each of your variables. Make a note of the mean, standard deviation, and sample size, or print a hard copy. Use Formula 7.2 to compute the confidence intervals.
3. For each variable, write a summary sentence reporting the variable, the interval itself, the confidence level, and the sample size. Write in plain English, as if you were reporting results in a newspaper. Most importantly, you should make it clear that you are estimating characteristics of the population of the entire United States. For example, a summary sentence might look like this: “Based on a random sample of
respondents, I estimate at the level that U.S. drivers average between and miles per hour when driving on interstate highways.”
B. Estimating Proportions
1. Choose three nominal- or ordinal-level variables other than the variables you used in Chapter 7. (NOTE: Your instructor may specify a different number of variables.)
2. Use the Frequencies command to get the percentage of the sample in the various categories of each variable. Change the percentages (remember to use the valid percents column) to proportions and construct confidence intervals for one category of each variable (e.g., the percent female for sex) using Formula 7.3.
3. For each variable, write a summary sentence reporting the variable, the interval, the confidence level, and the sample size. Write in plain English, as if you were reporting results in a newspaper. Remember to make it clear that you are estimating a characteristic of the U.S. population.
4. For any one of the intervals you constructed in either Project A or Project B, identify each of the following concepts and terms, and briefly explain their role in estimation: sample, population, statistic, parameter, EPSEM, representative, confidence level.
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