[Question 1] [40%]
This question is based on a study regarding fluoride intake and dental fluorosis. The reference to the original paper can be found as below and can be downloaded from Blackboard.
Martins CC, Paiva SM, Lima‐Arsati YB, Ramos‐Jorge ML, Cury JA. (2008 ). “Prospective Study of the Association between Fluoride Intake and Dental Fluorosis in Permanent Teeth”. Caries Res. 2008;42(2):125‐33
1.1) Study Design [24]
1.1.1) Provide a brief description of the scientific question the authors aimed to answer. [2]
1.1.2) Apply the PECO‐T (population (P), exposures (E) , comparison (C), outcome(s) (O), and time (T)) principle, to identify each of the P‐E‐C‐O‐T elements of the study. [10]
1.1.3) From a research terminology viewpoint, is it an experimental/observational, prospective/retrospective, cross‐sectional/longitudinal study? Please select as appropriate and justify your statements. [6]
1.1.4) Suggest and describe in detail a different study design to that of the conducted study, to answer the same scientific question‐ which you have identified in (1.1.1)‐ that the authors aimed to answer. [6]
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1.2) INTERPRET RESULTS [16]
Use the main results in Table 2 from the paper (screen shot below) to answer the following questions:
1.2.1) Identify the type of variable (e.g. continuous/categorical/ordinal/binary) that “fluoride intake” is. What is the likely reason that the authors reported “Median” rather than “Mean” fluoride intake? [4]
1.2.2) Identify the statistical method the authors used to calculate the P‐value (last column in the Table 2). What could be the reasons to support authors’ choice of using this method? [4]
1.2.3) Using the results from the third row (labelled as “Combined”), state clearly the Null and Alternative hypotheses the authors were testing. Using the values provided to write a short report and conclusions based on the results of this third row. [8]
[THE END OF QUESTION 1]
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[Question 2] [60%]
Question 2 is a computer‐based exercise using the data we have collected from the second face‐to‐face (F2F) session. The original data have been modified to suit the purpose of the current assignment. As stated at the data collection session, this survey is anonymised. The data are only for teaching and assessment purposes within this course and will not be distributed anywhere else.
Students who came to the de‐briefing sessions had been asked the following 5 questions on two occasions. In this assignment we will analyse the data from the second F2F session. These questions are intended to determine Manchester Dentistry‐PG students’ perception of statistics. All PG students registered for this year’s course should have an entry in the dataset; however, not everybody filled in the questionnaire. The questionnaires have been coded into a dataset by the following rules (“SecondSurvey2022.Resit.BB.csv”). For those who did not provide answers, a missing entry coded as “NA” was created.
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