Hypnosis as a clinical intervention has increased in the treatment of acute and chronic pain. Reports of the use of hypnotic analgesia in medicine include; the reduction of chronic pain in cancer patients (Hilgard & LeBaron, 1984; Spiegel & Bloom, 1983) and procedures involving limb amputation, mastectomy, Caesarean section, appendectomy and surgery (Waxman, 1989; Elkan, 2005). It has been used in the Syringomyelia related pain (Jack, 1999) and to reduce pain and distress
experienced during wound debridement (Patterson, Everett & Marvin, 1992). It has also been shown to be effective in reducing acute experimentally induced pain (Friederich et al., 2001; Halliday & Mason, 1964; Hilgard & Hilgard 1983; Miltner et al. 1992; Casiglia et al., 2018). It has even been suggested that hypnosis allows for greater analgesic benefits when observing potential painful situations for others.
There does remain however the question as to what the underlying mechanisms for hypnotic analgesia are, and as to whether susceptibility and openness to the idea of hypnosis in the first instance is fundamental to the level of analgesic benefits felt. Hypotheses
The present study was an evaluation of hypnotic analgesia as participants either high or low in susceptibility to hypnosis were given pain stimuli under 3 different conditions No hypnosis (NH), Standard hypnosis (SH) and Hypnotic Analgesia (AH).
H1: It was predicted that there would be an effect of susceptibility, with those having high susceptibility to hypnosis reporting lower pain scores overall under Hypnosis Analgesia compared to low susceptibility participants.
H2: It was predicted that participants would report lower levels of pain during HA
compared to NH and SH.
Details on the study
Susceptibility to Hypnosis
Participants were assessed using the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A, (Shor & Orne, 1962). These participants were classified as high susceptible (Harvard scores 6-12; N=18) and low susceptible (Harvard scores 0-5; N=18).
Pain Stimulation
Pain related stimuli were administered to the index finger of the right hand using a Digitimer Constant Current Stimulator, model DS7A. The index finger was prepared by the removal of dead skin with an emery board and cleaned with an alcohol swab. Cathode and anode bands were placed on the proximal and middle phalanx respectively. The stimuli comprised single 1.6 millisecond duration square wave electrical pulses (rise/fall time of 20 msec), with a one second inter-stimulus interval. There were two types of pain stimuli: single pulse (Standard) and triple pulse (Target). Each condition comprised 550 randomly presented stimuli, 20% of which were target. To remove habituation effects the first 50 trials of each condition were precluded from analysis.
CS 340 Milestone One Guidelines and Rubric Overview: For this assignment, you will implement the fundamental operations of create, read, update,
Retail Transaction Programming Project Project Requirements: Develop a program to emulate a purchase transaction at a retail store. This
7COM1028 Secure Systems Programming Referral Coursework: Secure
Create a GUI program that:Accepts the following from a user:Item NameItem QuantityItem PriceAllows the user to create a file to store the sales receip
CS 340 Final Project Guidelines and Rubric Overview The final project will encompass developing a web service using a software stack and impleme
