connection speed: The speed of the connection to the Internet can be: high: connection type 2 {ocx, tx, framerelay}; medium: connection type 2 {consumer satellite, dsl, cable, fixed wireless, isdn}; low: connection type 2 {dialup, mobile wireless}. If the connection speed is missing, the exact connection type is unknown, and the estimated connection speed is low (i.e. the same as for the missing connection type field). ip routing type: The IP Routing Type (IPRT) specifies how the connection is routed through the Internet and can be used to determine how close the user is to the public IP address: fixed: The user is connecting through a fixed-line connection. The user is likely to be at or near the location assigned to the IP. aol/aolpop/aoldialup/aolproxy: The user is part of the AOL network. The user country in most cases can be identified, but establishing the user location below country is not possible. pop: The user is dialing into a regional ISP and is likely to be near the IP location. Note, however, that the user might be dialing across geographical boundaries. 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE RESEARCH TASKS superpop: The user is dialing into a multi-state or multi-national ISP and is not likely to be near the IP location. Furthermore, the user might be dialing across geographical boundaries. satellite: The user is connecting to the Internet through a consumer satellite or a backbone satellite provider, where no information about the terrestrial connection is available. In both cases, the user can be anywhere within the beam pattern of the satellite, which can span a continent or more. By definition, the satellite IPRT does not by itself indicate that the end user is connected via satellite, rather that the users trac was routed through a satellite connection. cache proxy: The user is using a proxy connection, either through an Internet accelerator or a content distribution service. It is possible the user is located in a di↵erent country from the IP location. international proxy: The user is connecting through a proxy (not an anonymizer) that routes trac from proxy multiple countries. It is possible the user is located in a di↵erent country from the IP location. In many cases, these are corporate networks that route trac from international oces through a central point, often the corporate headquarters. regional proxy: The user is connecting through a proxy (not an anonymizer) that routes trac from multiple states within a single country. It is possible the user is located in a di↵erent state from the IP location. In many cases, these are corporate networks that route trac from regional oces through a central point, often the corporate headquarters. mobile gateway: The user is using a gateway to connect mobile devices to the public Internet. Many mobile operators, especially in Europe, serve more than one country. Therefore, it is possible the user is located in a di↵erent country from the IP location. asn: The Autonomous System Number (ASN) is a globally unique number assigned to a group of networks administered by a single entity such as a Network Service Provider (NSP) or very large organization. ASNs are used to manage data routing via the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). There are over 27,000 active ASNs. Using the ASN provides more consistency than using the carrier information, because ASNs remain static, while the specific names and ownerships of networks change. carrier: Provides the name of the organization that owns the ASN. The carrier is responsible for the trac carried on the network or set of networks designated as an Autonomous System (AS) and identified by the ASN. This field provides a more natural representation than the information provided in the asn field. While there are more than 27,000 active ASNs, there are fewer carriers, because a single carrier often manages several ASNs. isp: Internet service provider (ISP) represents a network provider managing the network routing policy within the network range. organization: The Registering Organization is the entity responsible for the actions and content associated with a given block of IP addresses. This is in contrast to the carrier, which is responsible for the routing of trac for network blocks. Registering Organizations include many types of entities, including corporate, government, or educational entities, and ISPs managing the allocation and use of network blocks. organization type: Classification of the type of organization of the place of connection. This field provides heterogeneous categories that are useful for gaining more information about the user. Over 40 di↵erent categories for industries are provided, e.g. Insurance, Banking, Lodging, Dining, Government, Educations, Military, Recreation, Advertising, Telecommunication, as well as Internet Service Providers. DESCRIPTION OF THE RESEARCH TASKS 5 domain: Represents the domain name assigned to the Internet network. sld: The second-level domain is the part of the domain name that precedes the top-level domain. For example, in www.telesign.com, telesign is the second-level domain (SLD). tld: The top-level domain identifies the most general part of the domain name in a Web address. Common top-level domains (TLD) include com, net, edu, as well as country codes (ccTLD) like us (USA) and rs (Serbia). hosting facility: The hosting facility field contains the info whether the connection originated at a facility that provides storage, computing or telecommunication services: TRUE: IP address is associated with a hosting facility (colocation, cloud computing, dedicated hosting, virtual private servers and web hosting), FALSE: otherwise. 2.4. Network Proxy Data Fields. The network proxy data fields, presented in this section, provide a complete info for the identification of Internet proxies and anonymized connections, which could be used for assessment of risks and certainty when determining the location of a user.
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