Paired Samples t-test Results Presentation
9. APA Style Results Presentation
It is possible to report paired-samples t-test results in either textual or tabular format, but the tabular format is preferred. Both options are provided below.
(a) Tabular Format
Two examples are provided:
• Table 7 shows a t-test for blood pressure data, and
• Table 8 provides results from three t-tests reported simultaneously in one table.
As with the two-independent samples t-test, the written presentation following a table should include first inferential information (whether Ho was rejected) and this should be followed with interpretational information (what the results mean in simple language).
Table 7 demonstrates APA style for the t-test with blood pressure data.
Table 7
Results of t-test and Descriptive Statistics for Systolic Blood Pressure by Losartan Usage
Before Losartan After Losartan 95% CI
Outcome M SD M SD n t
Systolic Blood Pressure 147.25 14.72 137.75 12.08 8 [3.02, 15.98] 3.47**
* p < .05, ** p < .01, ** p < .001
Interpretation:
Results show a statistically significant difference in mean systolic blood pressure before and after Losartan usage. Blood pressure appears to drop an average of about 9.5 points t(7) = 3.47, p < .05 following the usage of Losartan.
Table 8 shows how to combine results from several paired-samples t-tests performed for the same groups of participants.
Table 8
Descriptive Statistics and t-test Results for Anxiety, Efficacy, and Persistence
Pretest Posttest 95% CI
Outcome M SD M SD n t
Location of Code RBC Kit 2.89 1.04 3.95 0.21 45 [-1.38, -0.76] -6.94***
Efficacy 5.24 1.56 5.31 1.97 44 [-0.16, 0.02] 1.98
Persistence 6.13 1.89 5.56 1.21 45 [0.55, 0.83] 4.89***
* p < .05, ** p < .01, ** p < .001
As displayed in Table 8, there are statistically significant differences in pretest to posttest scores for anxiety and persistence, but not for efficacy. Results show that anxiety increased, persistence decreased, and efficacy remained unchanged after exposure to the treatment.
(b) Textual Format
Results of the paired-samples t-test show that mean systolic blood pressure differs before taking Losartan (M = 147.25, SD = 14.72) and after taking Losartan (M = 137.75, SD = 12.08). On average, systolic blood was about 9.5 points lower after taking Losartan, t(7) = 3.47, p < .05, 95% CI [3.02, 15.98].
Two Independent Samples t test Results Presentation
14. APA Style Results Presentation
It is possible to report two-independent samples t-test results in either textual or tabular format, but the tabular format is preferred. Both options are provided below.
(a) Tabular Format (this is the preferred format)
Three examples are provided:
• Table 5 shows a t-test with equal variances;
• Table 6 presents a t-test with unequal variances using the Satterthwaite approximation; and
• Table 7 provides results from three t-tests reported simultaneously in one table.
As with the one-sample t-test, the written presentation should include first inferential information (whether Ho was rejected) and this should be followed with interpretational information (what the results mean in simple language).
Table 5 demonstrates APA style for the t-test with pooled variance (i.e., equal variances t-test).
Table 5
Results of t-test and Descriptive Statistics for Systolic Blood Pressure by Sex
Sex 95% CI
Male Female
M SD n M SD n t
Systolic Blood Pres. 130.14 20.51 7 102.86 22.27 7 [2.35, 52.22] 2.38*
* p < .05, ** p < .01, ** p < .001
There is a statistically significant mean difference in systolic blood pressure between males and females. Results show that males tend to have a higher systolic blood pressure than do females.
Table 6 demonstrates presentation of t-test results with unequal variances using the Satterthwaite approximation for degrees of freedom. This is the most common adjustment used in statistical software and the adjustment found in SPSS.
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