team of software developers has devised a fitness app for smartphones, designed to encourage people to walk more during the day.

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A team of software developers has devised a fitness app for smartphones, designed to encourage people to walk more during the day. They wish to test whether simply knowing the number of steps you take/calories you bum and whether adding a competitive element to the app will encourage users to walk more than they would otherwise.

. In ‘null mode’, the user gets no information from the app - through the number of steps the

user takes each day is fed back to the research team.

. In ‘basic mode’ the app informs the user and the research team of the number of steps taken by

the user each day.

. In ‘share mode’ the app performs as in basic mode — but also relays back to the user the

average number of steps that other app users have taken that day.

to test the effect of the app and its competitive element, they devised the following experiment:

. 300 people were randomly divided into 3 groups of 100.

. Members of group 1, the competitive feedback group, were given the app and asked to use it

in share mode.

. Members of group 2, the user feedback only group, were given the app but asked only to use

it in basic mode.

. Members of group 3, the control group, were given the app but asked only to use it in null

mode.

Subjects used the app for 20 days.

The developers wished to test the following hypotheses:

1) There would be non-trivial variation between subjects in their average number of steps taken

2) Having controlled for day of the week and the weather, there would, on average, be a linear

increase in the number of steps taken over the course of the study period.

3) The linear increase in steps will vary between participants

4) The number of steps taken on any day will have a positive relationship with the number of

steps were taken on subsequent days, though this will diminish as the gap between days grows.

5) The variation between subjects in the increase in the number of steps taken can be explained

by group membership, with the ‘share mode’ app users likely to walk furthest due to the

competitive element introduced, and those using the basic mode likely to walk further than

those using the null model.

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