QUESTION TWO
The validity of eyewitness testimony remains a topic of debate in the behavioural sciences. It has been previously suggested that the wording used when asking an eyewitness to recall their recollection of an event may influence their responses. If subtle wording of questions can influence the answer an eyewitness gives, then such reports must be interpreted with considerable caution.
Forty individuals completed a study where they watched a film of a car accident. Car A fails to stop at stop sign and collides with Car B. The film depicts the entire incident, beginning 30 seconds before the collision, the collision, the arrival of the police officer and citation of the driver in Car A. After watching the film, the 40 participants are randomly split into four groups – each group is asked to estimate the speed of Car A in each of the following ways:
Group 1: “how fast was Car A going at the time of the ACCIDENT with Car B?”
Group 2: “how fast was Car A going when it HIT Car B?”
Group 3: “how fast was Car A going when it CRASHED into Car B?”
Group 4: “how fast was Car A going when it SMASHED into Car B?”
The relevant output to answer the below question is provided:
|
Tests of Homogeneity of Variances |
|||||
|
|
Levene Statistic |
df1 |
df2 |
Sig. |
|
|
Speed Estimate (KMs per hour) |
Based on Mean |
.690 |
3 |
36 |
.725 |
|
Based on Median |
.356 |
3 |
36 |
.875 |
|
|
Based on Median and with adjusted df |
.356 |
3 |
36 |
.875 |
|
|
Based on trimmed mean |
.519 |
3 |
268 |
.759 |
|
|
ANOVA |
|||||
|
Speed Estimate (KMs per hour) |
|||||
|
|
Sum of Squares |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
Sig. |
|
Between Groups |
1979.00 |
3 |
619.785 |
13.965 |
.000 |
|
Within Groups |
1851.400 |
36 |
56.432 |
|
|
|
Total |
3830.400 |
39 |
|
|
|
|
Robust Tests of Equality of Means |
||||
|
Speed Estimate (KMs per hour) |
||||
|
|
Statistica |
df1 |
df2 |
Sig. |
|
Welch |
7.757 |
3 |
19.405 |
.001 |
|
a. Asymptotically F distributed. |
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Looking at the output above, which one of the ANOVA assumptions are you able to assess? Justify with statistical evidence whether this assumption is met or is violated. (2 marks) (50 words)
bWhat does the p value in your answer to 2a represent? (2 Marks) (40 words)
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