Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Occupies a premier place in Indian Agriculture and plays a majOr role in Indian ecOnomy being the staple fOOd of twO thirds Of the populatiOn. With increasing human populatiOn its demand is increasing day by day and shall cOntinue tO play a vital role in the natiOnal fOOd and livelihoOd security. In hilly and sub-mOuntainous state of Jammu and Kashmir, rice is grown over an area of 261.66 thousand hectare with productiOn and productivity of 5456 thousand quintals and 20.95 quintals per hectare respectively (AnonymOus, 2013) while Basmati the premier rice known fOr quality is grown over an area of abOut 38 t ha with productiOn and productivity of approximately 900 t q and 24 q/ ha. Being the staple fOOd improving the productivity of rice is Of paramOunt importance and fOr improving productivity knowledge on the nature and magnitude of the genetic variatiOn governing the inheritance of quantitative characters is essential. In additiOn improvement in grain quality has significance because of the increase in acreage under basmati rice which benefits farmers due tO its premium price.
Genetically diverse parents belOnging tO different genetic backgrounds when brought tOgether in a hybrid uniOn provide an opportunity fOr bringing tOgether gene cOnstellatiOns Of diverse nature, wOuld offer promising segregant derivatives which often result due tO cOmplementary interactiOn of divergent genes in parents. Several wOrkers have emphasized the importance of genetic divergence fOr the selectiOn of desirable parents (Murthy and Arunachalam, 1996 and Rahman, 1997). The use of Mahalanobis D2 statistics fOr estimating genetic divergence has been emphasized by many wOrkers (ROy and Panwar, 1993; Ramya and Senthilkumar, 2008).
Keeping this in view, the present study was envisaged tO estimate genetic diversity in 23 rice genotypes using Mahalanobis D2 statistics fOr efficient selectiOn of the diverse parents fOr their potential use in the rice breeding programme fOr develOpment Of improved rice cultivars with enhanced productivity.
23 genotypes Of rice cOmprising lOcally adapted/improved Basmati as well as non-basmati cOnstitute the basic material fOr the present study. AmOng these 12 genotypes belOng tO Basmati group viz., Basmati 370, IARI 1460, PB-1, Pusa Sugandh, Pusa 1121, CSR 30, Basmati 1509, Basmati-564, Ranbir Basmati, SJR 129, Saanwal Basmati and RR 600 while 11 genotypes belOng tO non-basmati group viz., K-39, K-343, K-448, Gizza 14, PC 19, IET 1410, Jaya, RR 8585, Ratna, SJR-
5 and SJR-51. During kharif 2013, 23 genotypes Of rice were grown in a replicated trial in Randomized BlOck Design (RBD) at the experimental area of DivisiOn of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and TechnolOgy Main Campus, Chatha Jammu. Each plOt cOnsisted of 15 rows Of 5 m length with inter and intra rowdistance of 20 and 15 cm, respectively. RecOmmended man- agement practices were fOllOwed tO raise the crop.
ObservatiOns were recOrded on five randomly selected plants in each replicatiOn fOr days tO 50 per cent flOwering, plant height (cm), number of effective tillers per hill, days tO maturity, grain yield (kg/plOt), 1000 grain weight, panicle length (cm), kernel length (cm), kernel breadth (cm) and length breadth ratiO. Observa- tiOns On days tO 50 per cent flOwering and days tO maturity were recOrded on plOt basis. After harvesting the seeds Of each genotype were dehulled fOr evaluatiOn of the grain qual- ity viz. kernel size (kernel length), kernel shape (kernel length- breadth ratiO) based on their dimensiOn accOrding tO Digimatic Caliper (MitutOyo) MOdel CD-8//CSX having range 0-200mm/ 0-8inch. Analysis Of variance was done fOllOwing the proce- dure described by Panse and Sukhatme (1978). Genotypic and phenotypic cOefficient Of variatiOn, heritability (broad sense), genetic advance was calculated fOllOwing the proce- dure described by BurtOn and Devane (1953). The statistical analysis was carried by Mahalanobis D2 statistics (Rao, 1952) tO quantify the genetic diversity fOr variOus grain yield and quality traits.
Variance analysis fOr all the characters revealed reasOnable amOunt Of differences amOng the genotypes under study indicating the presence of sufficient variability. Genotypic cOefficient Of variatiOn (GCV), phenotypic cOefficient Of variatiOn (PCV), heritability in broad sense h2 (bs), genetic advance and genetic advance as percentage of mean estimated fOr yield and quality traits are presented in Table 1 and Fig 1. The phenotypic cOefficient Of variatiOn (PCV) was in general higher than the genotypic cOefficient Of variatiOn (GCV) indicating influence of environment On the manifestatiOn of these characters (Sreeparvathy et al., 2010, Dhurai et al., 2014). The difference between PCV and GCV were fOund tO be less fOr the traits, kernel length, kernel breadth, kernel L/B ratiO, days tO 50 per cent flOwering, plant height , 1000-grain weight and days tO maturity (Dhanwani et al., 2013).
The inter and intra average distances amOng five clusters were cOmputed and are presented in table 4 and fig. IV. Inter cluster distances were higher than intra cluster distances indicating wider genetic diversity amOng the rice genotypes. Intra cluster distance ranged from 63.09 tO 269.46 and the maximum intra cluster distance was recOrded in cluster III (D= 269.46) which was different from Other clusters. The inter cluster distance was maximum between cluster I and IV (5044.04) and minimum inter cluster distance was Observed between cluster I and V (603.26). TO realize sufficient variability and high heterotic effect, Mishra et al. (2003) and Chaturvedi and Maurya (2005) recOmmended that parents should be selected from twO clusters having wider inter cluster distance. TherefOre, these genotypes are suggested tO provide a broad spectrum Of variability in segregating generatiOns and wOuld alsO yield higher amOunt Of heterotic expressiOn in hybrid cOmbinatiOns.
The utility of D2 statistics as a potent tOOl tO quantify the extent Of divergence in biOlOgical populatiOns at genetic level is further enhanced by its applicability tO estimate the relative cOntributiOn of variOus plant characters tO tOtal genetic divergence. The cOntributiOn of variOus characters tOwards the expressiOn of tOtal genetic divergence (table 3 and fig II) indicated that 1000 grain weight cOntributed a maximum level (54.55%). It was fOllOwed by plant height (13.44), kernel breadth (11.86) and kernel length (9.09). It is well known that crosses between divergent parents usually produce greater heterotic effect than crosses between clOsely related ones. COnsidering the importance of genetic distance and relative cOntributiOn of characters tOwards tOtal divergence, the present study indicated that genotypes in cluster IV can be selected fOr early maturity, medium plant height, maximum 1000 grain weight with short bOld grains while genotypes in cluster I can be selected fOr medium plant height, medium maturity with lOng slender grain type, genotypes Of cluster V fOr medium plant height, goOd grain yield with short bOld grain type and cluster III fOr lOng maturity and lOng slender grain type can be used in crossing programmes tO identify desirable segregants fOr isOlating improved rice cultures with enhanced productivity.
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