Type your answers underneath each question below. When you are done, upload the document into the assignments tab in Blackboard.
The following questions pertain to the CEO2018 dataset. You should use R-Studio to carry out the analyses. [The numbers in the parentheses before each question represent the points associated with this question.] Include the output that informed your answer (but please minimize junk).
1. (1 point) How many respondents are represented in the CEO2018 dataset (N=?)
2. (1 point) Generate a 1-way crosstab (also called a frequency table) for the ethnicity of the respondents in the CEO2018 dataset. Copy and paste the table here.
3. (1 point) How many respondents responded that their ethnicity is “other?”
4. (1 point) What percentage of the total respondents reported that their ethnicity was “other?”
5. (1 point) What is the school of enrollment status of New Yorkers? Generate a crosstab frequency distribution of individuals in the CEO2018 dataset across the different school enrollment statuses (“SCH”)?
6. (2 points) What is the modal response? What percentage of the total sample does this modal response represent? [“modal response” = mode].
7. (1 points) What level of measurement is Housing Status (“HousingStatus”) [i.e. nominal, ordinal, continuous]?
8. (1 points) What level of measurement is the Number of People living in a housing unit (“NP”) [i.e. nominal, ordinal, continuous]?
9. (2 points) Generate descriptive statistics for housing status (“Housing Status”)
10. (2 points) Generate descriptive statistics, including quartiles, for the number of individuals living in each housing unit (“NP”).
11. (1 point) What is the minimum number of individuals living in a housing unit? What is the maximum number of individuals living in a housing unit?
12. (1 point) What is the mean number of individuals living in a housing unit? What is the median number of individuals living in a housing unit?
13. (1 point) What is the interquartile range for the number of individuals living in a housing unit?
14. (1 point) What does the interquartile range represent?
15. (1 point) What is the standard deviation and standard error for the number of individuals living in a housing unit?
16. (2 point) What is the difference between a standard deviation and a standard error?
17. (2 points) How does the Standard Error relate to the Confidence Interval?
18. (2 point) What is the 95% confidence interval for the mean number of individuals living in a housing unit? And what does it mean (in plain English).
19. (1 points) What kind of graph (bar graph or histogram) should you generate for Housing Status, and why?
20. (1 points) What kind of graph (bar graph or histogram) should you generate for the number of people living in a housing unit?
21. (2 points) Generate the appropriate graph to visualize Housing Status and paste it below.
22. (2 points) Generate the appropriate graph to visualize the number of people living in each housing unit and paste it below.
23. (5 points) Run a one-sample t-test, comparing the mean number of individuals living in a housing unit, to a population mean of 3. Reproduce the output below.
24. (5 points) Interpret the output.
25. (5 points) Compare the mean Number of Individuals Living in a Housing Unit (“NP”) among New Yorkers by Borough (Boro). Do residents in certain boroughs tend to live with more people than residents in other boroughs?
a. What is the mean number of individuals living together for each borough?
b. Are these differences significant? In other words, could these differences have happened randomly, or do they represent an actual difference between the number of individuals living together?
26. (5 points) What are the levels of measurement of the 2 variables you included in your analysis above?
27. (10 points) Generate either a bar graph or a histogram for each variable, making sure that you are generating the appropriate graph type given the level of measurement for that variable.
28. (5 points) Generate either the Tukey Test or the Bonferroni Test.
29. (5 points) Interpret the Bonferroni Test or Tukey Test output from the previous question.
30. (30 points) Short Essay Question: Choose one of the two questions below, and write a short essay with your response. How do some of the assigned readings for this course relate? Reference at least 2 of the assigned readings.
This past month, the United States government passed a historic bill – The American Rescue Plan, that many are heralding as representing one of the most ambitious set of anti-poverty measures in recent history.
• Given the empirical evidence of poverty trends over the past few decades, what, in your assessment, might the impact be of these measures?
• Which of the measures are likely to address poverty, and how? Be specific.
• What are some potential adverse (negative) consequences that these measures might bring about? For example, some policy makers warn that unconditional cash transfers will depress labor market participation (meaning individuals will not be motivated to work because they are receiving “free money”).
• What changes would you make to the American Rescue Plan? Why?
Here are two articles that provide some specific information of the American Rescue Plan.
NOTE: The articles are copied and pasted in the following pages, just in case you are not able to access the articles through the provided links.
The article below describes growing inequality in the tech industry, but this increasing inequality is endemic of a wider trend that is reflected in many other industries and also nationwide. The dominant trend seems to be an increasingly “winner take all” rewards dynamic where wealth and income are concentrated in fewer hands, and the balance must be shared among a growing majority. In the United States, there is greater acceptance of “inequality of outcome” so long as there is “equality of opportunity.” Thus, so long as there is potential for mobility, extreme inequality is acceptable. In other words, it’s more important to make sure that there are real opportunities for upward mobility, even to the upper echelons of the income and wealth continuum, than to try to reduce the extremes of income and wealth inequality.
• To what extent is there active economic mobility in the United States?
• Do you agree that mobility is more important than inequality? Why or why not?
• Read the article below, and comment on what some of the potential downsides and upsides might be to this sort of extreme inequality and “winner take all” rewards dynamic.
• What is one policy recommendation you would made, given your answer to the question above?
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