Part 3: Comparing means of a single group, pretest-posttest
It may be too early to judge quitting, but do we see early results that overall regardless of any group assignment that our interventions appear to be helping (i.e, reducing the number smoked would be considered successful at this early time). For the entire sample (regardless of the intervention), test the hypothesis:
The number of cigarettes smoked will decrease over the 10 day period (i.e., compare Time 1 to Time 2).
Again, follow the steps of hypothesis testing, stating the null hypothesis, review assumptions for the statistical test, and consider if the hypothesis is directional or not. Make sure that you evaluate the assumptions for the statistical test, particularly the level of the measurement and the normality of the distribution (show evidence). Write a few sentences describing your steps and the results of the testing, making sure that you note what group means are being compared and what the results would mean to someone who does not understand statistics. This summary should be in YOUR OWN words and not copied from IS. See the end of the assignment for examples of how to write up the results. Include a copy of the IS raw output view or if using Excel the excel output.
Steps in Hypothesis Testing
1. State the null and alternative hypothesis, determine if directional and if using two-tailed or one-tailed test
2. Decide what test statistic to use
3. Make sure the data meet the necessary assumptions for the test statistic chosen
4. Establish the level of significance (usually 0.05)
5. Compute the test statistic
6. Compare test statistic to critical value- decide to accept or reject the null hypothesis
7. Obtain p-value- determine statistical significance
8. Clearly state the conclusion in words using the statistics as evidence not the finding in of themselves. (e.g., so you found significant differences in the means -well this alone doesn’t tell anyone anything. Instead describe what the results mean by writing it in words what test you used, which group had what value, how the means differed, etc.
Part 4: Comparing means of more than 2 groups
Mental state may influence your success to reduce the number of cigarettes smoked. A variable has been created for you reflecting low, medium and high depression at baseline. Test the following hypothesis:
The number of cigarettes smoked at day 10 is statistically different for the three depression groups created from the baseline depression scores (low, medium, and high).
As with the t-tests, assumptions of the statistical tests must be considered. If using Excel, you do not need to test for homogeneity of variance but you should consider if the standard deviations of the 3 groups being compared are similar. Write a few sentences describing your steps and the results of the testing, making sure that you note what group means are being compared and what the results would mean to someone who does not understand statistics. This summary should be in YOUR OWN words and not copied from IS. Include a copy of the IS raw output view or if using Excel the excel output. If the ANOVA F test is significant, further post hoc testing would be needed to compare which means are statistically different (e.g., Group 1 vs 2? Group 1 vs 3? Group 2 vs. 3?). This video shows you how to do this in Excel http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tPGPV_XPw-o but it is not required for this assignment (you need to indicate to your instructor what software you are using).
See the end of the assignment for examples of how to write up the results.
Steps in Hypothesis Testing
1. State the null and alternative hypothesis, determine if directional and if using two-tailed or one-tailed test
2. Decide what test statistic to use
3. Make sure the data meet the necessary assumptions for the test statistic chosen
4. Establish the level of significance (usually 0.05)
5. Compute the test statistic
6. Compare test statistic to critical value- decide to accept or reject the null hypothesis
7. Obtain p-value- determine statistical significance
8. Clearly state the conclusion in words using the statistics as evidence not the finding in of themselves. (e.g., so you found significant differences in the means -well this alone doesn’t tell anyone anything. Instead describe what the results mean by writing it in words what test you used, which group had what value, how the means differed, etc.)
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