LO1 Physiology- Relate knowledge of anatomy and physiology to the maintenance of normal health and function.
The stimuli that produce the stress response are called stressors. If stress is extreme, it triggers the stress response called General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), which occurs in three stages.
1. Explain in detail the alarm and resistance stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS). Suggested word count: 360-400.
Calcium is a mineral most often associated with healthy bones and teeth; it also plays an important role in many physiological processes.
2. a. Name the major physiological processes in the human body dependent on the blood
calcium. Suggested word count: 25-30.
2. b. Describe how blood calcium concentration is maintained in case of hypocalcemia, as
well as in case of hypercalcemia. Suggested word count: 150-180.
2. c. How does vitamin D influence blood concentration of calcium in the human body?
Suggested word count: 10-12 (one sentence).
Blood contains inactive clotting factors that are activated when injury to blood vessels/tissues occurs.
3. Describe the sequence of events involved in haemostasis. Include the following concepts in your answer:
• Vascular spasm
• Platelet plug formation
• Blood clotting (coagulation). Start your answer on coagulation, at the beginning of the common pathway after the formation of prothrombinase.
• End your answer with a very brief comment on blood vessel repair.
Suggested word count: 500 words.
All cells in the human body use oxygen (O2) and release carbon dioxide (CO2) as a product of metabolism, the body must get rid of CO2.
4. Describe the transport of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the human body. In your
answer include the partial pressures of O2 and CO2, as well as the mechanisms of transport
of both O2 and CO2. Suggested word count: 615.
LO3 Liver structure and function and drug metabolism- Apply knowledge of liver and kidney function to pharmacokinetics.
Like all portal systems in the human body, the hepatic portal system is composed of two capillary beds linked by the blood vessel.
1. Describe the hepatic portal system. Suggested word count: 160-200.
The portal triad is situated at each of the 6 corners of the liver lobule.
2. Identify the 3 vessels that constitute the portal triad. Outline their origin and the nature of fluid that they carry. Suggested word count: 100-120.
One of the liver functions is the processing of medicines.
3. Explain how the liver metabolises medicines (phase I and phase II metabolism).
Suggested word count: 60-80.
Paracetamol is a widely used non-prescription drug with analgesic and antipyretic properties.
4. Discuss the metabolism of oral paracetamol. Include in your answer how paracetamol overdose affects the liver. Suggested word count: 100-120.
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